Pnl Explain

P&L Explain – Bonds and Swaps Tony Morris antony. [email  protected] com MICS – DKS Manila Contents 1. Bond Pricing – basic concepts 2. P&L sensitivities of a bond i. PV01 ii. CS01 iii. Theta iv. Carry 3. Extension to interest rate swaps 1. Bond Pricing – basic concepts Let’s say you have a 4 year 10% annual coupon bond, with a yield (‘yield to maturity’ or ‘yield to redemption’) of 12%. From this information, the price can be calculated as 93. 93%. The price is calculated by pricing each of the bond’s cash flows using the yield to maturity (YTM) as a discount rate.Why? Because the YTM is defined as the rate which, if used to discount the bond’s cash flows, gives its price. We could picture it like this: Bond Cash Flows on a Time Scale Each fixed coupon of 10% is discounted back to today by the yield to maturity of 12%: 93. 93% = 10 + 10 + 10 + 110 (1. 12)1 (1. 12)2 (1. 12)3 (1. 12)4 All we are doing is obse rving the yield in the market and solving for the price. Alternatively, we could work out the yield if we have the price from the market.Bond price calculators work by iteratively solving for the yield to maturity. For a bond trading at par, the yield to maturity and coupon will be the same, e. g. a four year bond with a fixed coupon of 10% and a yield of 10% would be trading at 100%. Note that bond prices go down as yields go up and bond prices go up as yields go down. This inverse relationship between bond prices and yields is fairly intuitive. For our par bond above, if four year market yields fall to 9% investors will be willing to pay more than par to buy the above market coupons of 10%. This will force its price up until it, too, yields 9%.If yields rise to, say, 11% investors will only be willing to pay less than par for the bond because its coupon is below the market. For a detailed example of the bond pricing process, see Appendix 3. For now, note that the dirty price of a bond is the sum of the present values of the cash flows in the bond. The price quoted in the market, the so-called â€Å"clean† price or market price, is in fact not the present value of anything. It is only an accountants’ convention. The market price, or clean price, is the present value less accrued interest according to the market convention. . P&L sensitivities of a bond As we saw above, the price of a bond can be determined if we know its cash flows and the discount rate (i. e. YTM) at which to present value them. The yield curve from which are derived the discount factors for a bond can itself be considered as the sum of two curves: 1. the â€Å"underlying† yield curve (normally Libor), and 2. the â€Å"credit† curve i. e. the spread over the underlying curve The sensitivity of the bond price to a change in these two curves is called: i. PV01, and ii. CS01 respectively. Related essay: â€Å"Support Positive Risk Taking For Individuals†In terms of the example above, the discount rate of 12% might be broken down into, say, a Libor rate of 7% together with a credit spread of 5%. (Note, in the following, it is important not to confuse the discount rate, which is an annualised yield, and the discount factor, which is the result of compounding the discount rate over the maturity in question. ) In addition to the sensitivities described above, we can also consider the impact on the price of the bond of a one day reduction in maturity. Such a reduction affects the price for two reasons: ) assuming the yield curve isn’t flat, the discount rates will alter because, in general, the discount rate for time â€Å"t† is not the same as that for time â€Å"t-1† b) since one day has elapsed, whatever the discount rate, we will compound it based on a time interval that is shorter by one day The names given to these two sensitivities are, r espectively: iii. Theta, and iv. Carry Note that, of these four sensitivities, only the first two, i. e. PV01 and CS01, are â€Å"market sensitivities† in the sense that they correspond to sensitivities to changes in market parameters.Theta and Carry are independent of any change in the market and reflect different aspects of the sensitivity to the passage of time. i)PV01 Definition The PV01 of a bond is defined as the present value impact of a 1 basis point (0. 01%) increase (or â€Å"bump†) in the yield curve. In the derivation below, we will refer to a generic â€Å"discount curve†. As noted earlier, this discount curve, from which are derived the discount factors for the bond pricing calculation, can itself be considered as the sum of two curves: the â€Å"underlying† yield curve (normally Libor), and a credit curve (reflecting the risk over and above the interbank risk ncorporated in the Libor curve). The PV01 calculates the impact on the price of bu mping the underlying yield curve. Calculation For simplicity, consider the case of a zero coupon bond i. e. where there is only one cash flow, equal to the face value, and occurring at maturity in n years. Note, though, that the principles of the following analysis will equally apply to a coupon paying bond. We start by defining: P = price or present value today R(t) = discount rate, today, for maturity t FV = face value of the bond Then, from the above, we know:P = FV/(1+r(t))^n Now consider the impact a 1bp bump to this curve. The discount rate becomes: R(t) = R(t) + 0. 0001 The new price of the bond, Pb(t), will be: Pb = FV/(1+[r(t)+. 0001])^n Therefore, the sensitivity of this bond to a 1bp increase to the discount curve will be: Pb – P = FV/(1+[r(t)+. 0001])^n – FV/(1+r(t))^n Eqn. 1 The first term is always smaller than the second term, therefore: * if we hold the bond (long posn), the PV01 is negative * if we have short sold the bond (short posn), the PV01 is pos itive We can also see that: the higher the yield (discount rate), the smaller the PV01. This is because a move in the discount rate from, for example, 8. 00% to 8. 01% represents a smaller relative change than from 3. 00% to 3. 01%. In other words, the higher the yield, the less sensitive is the bond price to an absolute change in the yield * the longer the maturity, the bigger the PV01. This is more obvious – the longer the maturity, the bigger the compounding factor that is applied to the changed discount rate, therefore the bigger the impact it will have.To extend this method to a coupon paying bond, we simply note that any bond can be considered as a series of individual cash flows. The PV01 of each cash flow is calculated as above, by bumping the underlying yield curve at the corresponding maturity. In practice, where a portfolio contains many bonds, it would not be practical, nor provide useful information, to have a PV01 for every single cash flow. Therefore the cash f lows across all the positions are bucketed into different maturities. The PV01 is calculated on a bucketed basis i. e. by calculating the impact of a 1bp bump to the yield curve on each bucket individually.This is an approximation but enables the trader to manage his risk position by having a feel for his overall exposure at each of a series of maturities. Typical bucketing might be: o/n, 1wk, 1m, 2m, 3m, 6m, 9m, 1y, 2y, 3y, 5y, 10y, 15y, 20y, 30y. Worked example: Assume we hold $10m notional of a zero-coupon bond maturing in 7 years and the yield to maturity is 8%. Note that, for a zero coupon bond, the YTM is, by definition, the same as the discount rate to be applied to the (bullet) payment at maturity. We have: Price, P = $10m / (1. 08)^7 = $5. 834mBumping the curve by 1bp, the â€Å"bumped price† becomes: Pb = $10m / (1. 0801)^7 = $5. 831m Therefore, the PV01 is: Pb – P = $5. 831m – $5. 835m = -$0. 004m (or -$4k) Meaning In the example above, we have calcul ated the PV01 of the bond to be -$4k. This means that, if the underlying yield curve were to increase from its current level of 8% to 8. 01%, the position would reduce in value by $4k. If we assume the rate of change in value of the bond with respect to the yield is constant, then we can calculate the impact of, for example, a 5bp bump to the yield curve to be 5 x -$4k = -$20k.Note, this is only an approximation; if we were to graph the bond price against its yield, we wouldn’t see a straight line but a curve. This non-linear effect is called convexity. In practice, while for small changes in the yield the approximation is valid, for bigger changes, convexity cannot be ignored. For example, if the yield were to increase to 9%, the impact on the price would be -$365k, not -(8%-9%)x$4k = -$400k. Use The concept of PV01 is of vital day to day importance to the trader. In practice, he manages his trading portfolio by monitoring the bucketed yield curve exposure as expressed by PV 01.Where he feels the PV01 is too large, he will perform a transaction designed to either flatten or reduce the risk. Similarly, when he has a view as to future yield curve movements, he will position his PV01 exposure to take advantage of them. In this case, he is taking a trading position. ii)CS01 The basis of the CS01 calculation is identical to that of the PV01, only this time we bump the credit spread rather than the underlying yield curve. The above example was based on a generic discount rate. In practice, for any bond other than a risk free one, this rate will be combination of the yield curve together with the credit curve.At first glance therefore, we would expect that, whether we bump the yield curve or the credit spread by 1bp, the impact on the price should be similar, and described by Eqn. 1 above. What we can also say is that, bumping the yield curve, the overall discount rate will increase and therefore, as for PV01: * if we hold the bond (long posn), the CS01 is neg ative * if we have short sold the bond (short posn), the CS01 is positive From the same considerations as for PV01, we can see that: * the higher the credit spread, the smaller the CS01 * the longer the maturity, the bigger the CS01In practice, when we look at multiple cash flows, the impact of a 1bp bump in the yield curve is not identical to a 1bp bump in the credit spread. This is because, inter alia: * the curves are not the same shape and therefore interpolations will differ * bumping the credit spread affects default probability assumptions that will, in turn, impact the bond price In general though, PV01 and CS01 for a fixed coupon bond will be similar. The exception is where the bond pays a floating rate coupon. In this case, the sensitivity to yield curve changes is close to zero so, although the PV01 will be very small, the CS01 will be â€Å"normal†.Worked example: A worked example would follow the same steps as for PV01 above, only this time we would bump the cred it spread by 1bp rather than the underlying yield curve. Theta and Carry We now look at the two sensitivities arising from the passage of time (â€Å"1 day decay†, to use option pricing terminology). First, let’s calculate what the total impact on the value of a position would be if the only change were that one day had passed. In particular, we assume that the yield and credit curves are unchanged. Again, for simplicity, consider the case of a zero coupon bond i. . where there is only one cash flow, equal to the face value, and occurring at maturity in n years. Again, we note that the principles of the following analysis will equally apply to a coupon paying bond. Following the previous notation, the value (or price) today will be: P(today) = FV/(1+r(t))^n The value tomorrow will be: P(tomorrow) = FV/(1+r(t-1))^(n-1/365)Eqn. 2 There are two differences between the formula for the value today and that for tomorrow. Firstly, the discount rate has moved from r(t) to r(t- 1). Here, r(t-1) is the discount rate for maturity (t-1) today.We have assumed that the discount curve does not move day on day, therefore the rate at which the cash flow will be discounted tomorrow is the rate corresponding to a one day shorter maturity, today. Secondly, the period over which we discount the cash flows has reduced by one day, from n to n-1/365 (we divide by 365 because n is specified in years). Theta and Carry capture these two factors. P(tomorrow) – P(today) gives the full impact on the price due to the passing of one day. This impact can be approximated by breaking down the above formula into its two component parts i. e. he change in discount rate and the change in maturity, as explained below. iii)Theta As before, we define: P = price or present value today r(t) = discount rate, today, for maturity t FV = face value of the bond In addition, we define: r(t-1) = discount rate, today, for maturity t-1 (e. g. for a bond with 240 days to maturity, if the 240 day discount rate today is 8. 00% and the 239 day discount rate today is 7. 96% then: r(t) = 8. 00% and r(t-1) = 7. 96%) We now define Theta as: FV/(1+r(t-1))^n – FV/(1+r(t))^n We can see that, compared to the formula for the full price impact above (Eqn. ), this sensitivity reflects the change in the discount rate but ignores the reduction by 1 day of the maturity. In other words, Theta represents the price impact due purely to the change in discount rate resulting from a 1 day shorter maturity but ignores the impact on the compounding factor of the discount rate resulting from the shorter maturity. Note that the sign of Theta, in contrast to PV01 and CS01, can be both positive and negative. This is because r(t-1) can be higher or lower than r(t), depending on the shape of the yield curve.That said, in practice, given that yield curves are normally upward sloping, we would expect r(t) to be higher than r(t-1). Therefore Theta will normally be positive. In the same way, if th e yield curve is flat, then Theta will be zero. iv)Carry Using the standard notation, we define Carry as: FV/(1+r(t))^(n-1) – FV/(1+r(t))^n Comparing to the formula for the full price impact above (Eqn. 2), we see that this sensitivity reflects the change in maturity on the compounding factor to be applied to the discount rate but ignores the impact on the discount rate itself of moving one day down the curve.In other words, Carry represents the price impact due purely to the change in discount factor resulting from a 1 day shorter compounding period but ignores the impact on the discount rate resulting from the shorter maturity. Where discount rates are positive (r(t) > 0), Carry will always be positive since the first term will be larger than the second. Using the Taylor expansion, we can obtain a simplified approximate value for Carry. Remembering that: 1/(1+x)^n = 1 – n. x + (1/2). n. (n-1). x^2 – †¦ we have: Carry = FV. 1-(n-1/365). r(t)) – FV. (1-n. r(t)) = FV. r(t). 1/365 Note that r(t). 1/365 would represent one day’s â€Å"interest† calculated on an accruals basis since, in the case, the yield equals the coupon rate. (Note, where a position is accounted for on an accruals basis, and therefore valued at par, the yield will always equal the coupon. ) In other words, this definition ties in to the intuitive idea of carry that we have from, say, a deposit where the carry would be equal to one day’s interest, based on its coupon.We can also see that Carry is directly proportional to the yield. We have now seen that, between them, Theta and Carry attempt to capture the two components affecting the price move arising from the passing of 1 day, all other factors being kept constant. There will be certain â€Å"cross† effects of the two that will not be captured when performing this decomposition. In other words, Theta + Carry will not exactly equal the full impact (as per Eqn. 2). The difference, ho wever, will not normally be material.In general, for a long bond position, both Theta and Carry will be positive as, with the passing of one day, not only will the annualised discount rate be less (reflecting the lower yield normally required for shorter dated instruments) but the compounding factor will be smaller (reflecting the shorter maturity). Worked example: Assume we hold $10m notional of a zero-coupon bond maturing in 240 days and the yield to maturity today is 8%. Also, the yield today for the 239 day maturity is 7. 96%. Theta = $10m/(1. 0796)^(240/365) – $10m/(1. 08)^(240/365) = $23,159 Carry = $10m/(1. 8)^(239/365) – $10m/(1. 08)^(240/365) $20,047 Theta + Carry = $43,205 To compare, the full price impact of a 1 day â€Å"decay† is: $10m/(1. 076)^(239/365) – $10m/(1. 08)^(240/365) = $43,113 Summary We have now analysed the key sensitivities that explain the 1 day move in a bond’s mark to market value. To summarise some of the main featur es; for a long bond position: PV01 / CS01: * negative * for a fixed coupon or zero coupon bond, PV01 and CS01 will be similar * the higher the yield/credit spread, the smaller the PV01/CS01 * the longer the maturity, the bigger the PV01/CS01 for a floating rate coupon (with a Libor benchmark), PV01 will be very small but the CS01 will be â€Å"normal† Theta * positive * the flatter the curve, the smaller the Theta Carry * positive * proportional to the yield 3. Extension to interest rate swaps In essence, all the above applies equally to interest rate swaps (IRSs) when calculating/explaining daily P&L. We start by noting that an IRS is simply the exchange of two cash flows, one fixed and one floating. Extending the analysis we made for bonds, we can say: a) The PV01 of the floating rate leg will be close to zero. This is as noted for a floating rate bond.In both cases, as the yield curve changes so do the expected future cash flows but, at the same time, so will the discount rates at which they are PV’d. The two effects will broadly cancel out. (The PV01 will not be exactly zero because, once the Libor fixing occurs, the next cash flow becomes fixed and therefore effectively becomes a zero coupon bond, on which there will be PV01. ) b) The fixed leg is similar to the fixed coupon stream on a bond and can be considered as a series of zero coupon bonds. Therefore the exact same analysis as applied to bonds above will apply to the fixed leg. An IRS that ays floating and receives fixed will have a PV01 sensitivity similar to that of a long bond position. c) IRSs are normally interbank trades where it is assumed that there is no credit risk over and above Libor. Therefore, the CS01 will be zero. d) Theta and Carry may be either positive or negative. Appendix 1 : Date Conventions There are several methods for computing the interest payable in a period and the accrued interest for a period. A particular method applied to a transaction can affect the yie ld of that transaction and also the payment for a transaction. Counting the Number of DaysThe conventions used to determine the interest payments depend on two factors: 1) The number of days in a period and 2) The number of days in a year. The conventions are: 0 Actual/360 1 Actual/365 : sometimes referred as Actual/365F (seldom used now) 2 Actual/Actual 3 30/360 European: sometimes referred to as ISMA method (30E/360) 4 30/360 US (30U/360) The first three methods (Actual/360, Actual/365 and Actual/Actual) calculate the number of days in a period by counting the actual number of days. For each method the number of days in a year is different. Actual/365 and Actual/Actual are similar except: 1.Periods which include February 29th (leap year) count the number of days in a year as 365 under Act/365 and 366 under Act/Act; 2. Semi-annual periods are assumed to have 182. 5 days under Act/365 and however many actual days under Act/Act. Eurobond markets use the 30E/360 basis. This calculatio n assumes every month has 30 days. This means that the 31st of a month is always counted as if it were the 30th of the month. For 30E/360 basis, February is also assumed to have 30 days. If the beginning or end of a period falls on a weekend the coupon is not adjusted to a good business day.This means that there are always exactly 360 days in a year for all coupons. For example a coupon from 08-November-1997 to 08-November-1998 of 5% is a coupon of 5%, even though 08-November-1998 is a Sunday. There is no adjustment to the actual coupon payment. The various European government bond markets are described below: Country| Accrual| Coupon Frequency| Austria| Act/Act| Annual| Belgium| Act/Act| Annual| Denmark| Act/Act| Annual| Finland| Act/Act| Annual| France| Act/Act| Annual| Germany| Act/Act| Annual| Ireland| Act/ActAct/Act (Earlier Issues)| AnnualSemi-Annual| Italy| Act/Act| Semi-Annual| Luxembourg| Act/Act| Annual|Netherlands| Act/Act| Annual| Norway| Act/Act| Annual or Semi-Annual| Portugal| Act/Act| Annual| Spain| Act/Act| Annual| Sweden| Act/Act| Annual| Switzerland| Act/Act| Annual| United Kingdom| Act/Act | Semi-Annual| Appendix 2 : Calculating Accrued Interest Even though Eurobond coupons are not adjusted for weekends and holidays, the accrual of a coupon for any part of the year has to use the correct number of days. The difference between European and US 30/360 method is how the end of the month is treated. For US basis the 31st of a month is treated as the 1st of the next month, unless the period is from 30th or 31st of the previous month.In this case the period is counted as number of months: | 30/360 European| 30/360 US| Beginning DateEnding Date| M1/D1/ Y1M2/D2/Y 2| M1/D1/Y1M2/D2/Y 2| If D1 = 31| D1 = 30| D1 = 30| If D2 = 31| D2 = 30| If D1 = 31 or 30Then: D2 = 30Else: D2 = 31| The difference occurs when the accrual period starts and ends at the end or beginning of a calendar month: European and US 30/360 Examples Start| End| European| US| Actual| 3 1-Jul-01| 31-Oct-01| 90| 90| 92| 30-Jul-01| 30-Oct-01| 90| 90| 92| 30-Jul-01| 01-Nov-01| 91| 91| 94| 29-Jul-01| 31-Oct-01| 91| 92| 94| 01-Aug-01| 31-Oct-01| 89| 90| 91|Euro money markets: 0 Day count basis: actual/360 1 Settlement basis: spot (two day) standard 2 Fixing period for derivatives contracts: two day rate fixing convention Euro FX markets 3 Settlement timing: spot convention, with interest accrual beginning on the second day after the deal has been struck 4 Quotation: ‘Certain for uncertain’ (ie 1 Euro = x foreign currency units) U. S. Conventions Product| Day Count Convention| USD LIBOR| Act/360| USD Swap Fixed Rate in U. S. | Act/Act s. a. | USD Swap Fixed Rate in London| Act/360 p. a. | T-Bills| Act/360 discount rate| Government Bonds| Act/Act s. a. |Agency and Corporate Bonds| 30/360 s. a. | Appendix 3 : Detailed worked example of bond price calculation We can check the pricing of bonds in a more complicated example by using the following German governmen t bond (or Bund) : German Government Bund (in Euros) Coupon:| 5. 00%| Maturity:| 04-Feb-06| Price (Clean):| 102. 2651%| Yield:| 4. 43%| We are pricing this bond on 27/July 2001. It matures on 4 Feb 2006 and has a coupon of 5%. The table below shows that the bond price (the ‘dirty price’ or invoice price) is simply the sum of the present value of all of the coupons discounted at the yield to maturity.Pricing the German Euro Denominated Bund Dates| AA Days| Periods| Cash Flow| Cashflow PV| 04-Feb-01| | | | | 27-Jul-01| | | | 104. 6350%| 04-Feb-02| 192| 0. 5260| 5. 00%| 4. 8873%| 04-Feb-03| 557| 1. 5260| 5. 00%| 4. 6800%| 04-Feb-04| 922| 2. 5260| 5. 00%| 4. 4814%| 04-Feb-05| 1288| 3. 5260| 5. 00%| 4. 2913%| 04-Feb-06| 1653| 4. 5260| 105. 00%| 86. 2950%| The market convention uses the yield to maturity as the discount rate, and discounts each cash flow back over the number of periods as calculated using the accrued interest day-count convention.In the case of Bunds, the day -count convention is the Act/Act convention. Appendix 1 contains more details of date conventions – it is recommended that you read this at the end of the module. The part of a year between the settlement date (27 July 2001) and the next coupon (4 February 2002) is: Day Count 192/365 (ie Actual days/Actual days) = 0. 5260 The price of the first coupon can therefore be calculated in the following way: PV of First Coupon = 4. 8873% All of the other cash flow present values are calculated in the same manner. Adding them up gives us the price of the bond.Accrued interest is calculated from 04 February 2001 to 27 July 2001 (173 days) : Accrued Interest Accrued = 5% x 0. 47397 = 2. 3699% There is more detail on Accrued interest in Appendix 2. It is recommended that you read it at the end of this module. Notice that the quoted price of the bond (the ‘clean price’) is 102. 2651% not 104. 6350% (which is the ‘dirty price’ or invoice price – ie the pric e actually paid for the bond). The dirty price is the sum of the present values of the cash flows in the bond. The price quoted in the market, the so-called â€Å"clean† price or market price, is in fact not the present value of anything.It is only an accountants’ convention. The market price, or clean price, is the present value less accrued interest according to the market convention. Practitioners find it easier to quote the clean price because it abstracts from the changing daily accrued interest (i. e. it avoids a â€Å"saw-toothed† price profile). This publication is for internal use only by Deutsche Bank Global Markets employees. The material (including formulae and spreadsheets) is provided for education purposes only and should under no circumstances be used for client pricing.Examples, case studies, exercises and solutions may use simplifying assumptions that do not apply in practice, and may differ from Deutsche Bank proprietary models actually used. The publication is provided to you solely for information purposes and is not intended as an offer or solicitation for the purchase or sale of any financial instrument or product. The information contained herein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but is not necessarily complete and its accuracy cannot be guaranteed.

Jane Jacobs New Urbanist Who Transformed City Planning

American and Canadian writer and activist Jane Jacobs transformed the field of urban planning with her writing about American cities and her grass-roots organizing.  She led resistance to the wholesale replacement of urban communities with high rise buildings and the loss of community to expressways. Along with Lewis Mumford, she is considered a founder of the New Urbanist movement. Jacobs saw cities as living ecosystems.  She took a systemic look at all the elements of a city, looking at them not just individually, but as parts of an interconnected system. She supported bottom-up community planning, relying on the wisdom of those who lived in the neighborhoods to know what would best suit the location. She preferred mixed-use neighborhoods to separate residential and commercial functions and fought conventional wisdom against high-density building, believing that well-planned high density did not necessarily mean overcrowding. She also believed in preserving or transforming old buildings where possible, rather than tearing them down and replacing them. Early Life Jane Jacobs was born Jane Butzner on May 4, 1916. Her mother, Bess Robison Butzner, was a teacher and nurse. Her father, John Decker Butzner, was a physician. They were a Jewish family in the predominantly Roman Catholic city of Scranton, Pennsylvania. Jane attended Scranton High School and, after graduation, worked for a local newspaper. New York In 1935, Jane and her sister Betty moved to Brooklyn, New York. But Jane was endlessly attracted to the streets of Greenwich Village and moved to the neighborhood, with her sister, shortly after.   When she moved to New York City, Jane began working as a secretary and writer, with a particular interest in writing about the city itself. She studied at Columbia for two years and then left for a job with Iron Age magazine. Her other places of employment included the Office of War Information and the U.S. State Department. In 1944, she married Robert Hyde Jacobs, Jr, an architect working on airplane design during the war. After the war, he returned to his career in architecture, and she to writing. They bought a house in Greenwich Village and started a backyard garden. Still working for the U.S. State Department, Jane Jacobs became a target of suspicion in the McCarthyism purge of communists in the department. Though she had been actively anti-communist, her support of unions brought her under suspicion. Her written response to the Loyalty Security Board defended free speech and the protection of extremist ideas. Challenging the Consensus on Urban Planning In 1952, Jane Jacobs began working at Architectural Forum, after the publication she’d been writing for before moving to Washington. She continued to write articles about urban planning projects and later served as the associate editor. After investigating and reporting on several urban development projects in Philadelphia and East Harlem, she came to believe that much of the common consensus on urban planning exhibited little compassion for the people involved, especially African Americans. She observed that â€Å"revitalization† often came at the expense of the community.   In 1956, Jacobs was asked to substitute for another Architectural Forum writer and give a lecture at Harvard. She talked about her observations on East Harlem, and the importance of â€Å"strips of chaos† over â€Å"our concept of urban order.†Ã‚   The speech was well-received, and she was asked to write for Fortune magazine. She used that occasion to write â€Å"Downtown Is for People† criticizing Parks Commissioner Robert Moses for his approach to redevelopment in New York City, which she believed neglected the needs of the community by focusing too heavily on concepts like scale, order, and efficiency. In 1958, Jacobs received a large grant from The Rockefeller Foundation to study city planning.  She linked up with the New School in New York, and after three years, published the book for which she is most renowned, The Death and Life of Great American Cities. She was denounced for this by many who were in the city planning field, often with gender-specific insults, minimizing her credibility. She was criticized for not including an analysis of race, and for not opposing all gentrification. Greenwich Village Jacobs became an activist working against the plans from Robert Moses to tear down existing buildings in Greenwich Village and build high rises. She generally opposed top-down decision-making, as practiced by master builders like Moses. She warned against overexpansion of New York University. She opposed the proposed expressway that would have connected two bridges to Brooklyn with the Holland Tunnel, displacing much housing and many businesses in Washington Square Park and the West Village. This would have destroyed Washington Square Park, and preserving the park became a focus of activism. She was arrested during one demonstration. These campaigns were turnaround points in removing Moses from power and changing the direction of city planning. Toronto After her arrest, the Jacobs family moved to Toronto in 1968 and received Canadian citizenship. There, she became involved in stopping an expressway and rebuilding neighborhoods on a more community-friendly plan. She became a Canadian citizen and continued her work in lobbying and activism to question conventional city planning ideas. Jane Jacobs died in 2006 in Toronto.  Her family asked that she be remembered â€Å"by reading her books and implementing her ideas.† Summary of Ideas in  The Death and Life of Great American Cities In the introduction, Jacobs makes quite clear her intention: This book is an attack on current city planning and rebuilding. It is also, and mostly, an attempt to introduce new principles of city planning and rebuilding, different and even opposite from those now taught in everything from schools of architecture and planning to Sunday supplements and womens magazines. My attack is not based on quibbles about rebuilding methods or hair-splitting about fashions in design. It is an attack, rather, on the principles and aims that have shaped modern, orthodox city planning and rebuilding. Jacobs observes such commonplace realities about cities as the functions of sidewalks to tease out the answers to questions, including what makes for safety and what does not, what distinguishes parks that are marvelous from those that attract vice, why slums resist change, how downtowns shift their centers. She also makes clear that her focus is great cities and especially their inner areas and that her principles may not apply to suburbs or towns or small cities. She outlines the history of city planning and how America got to the principles in place with those charged with making change in cities, especially after World War II. She particularly argued against Decentrists who sought to decentralize populations and against followers of architect Le Corbusier, whose Radiant City idea favored high-rise buildings surrounded by parks -- high-rise buildings for commercial purposes, high-rise buildings for luxury living, and high-rise low-income projects. Jacobs argues that conventional urban renewal has harmed city life. Many theories of urban renewal seemed to assume that living in the city was undesirable. Jacobs argues that these planners ignored the intuition and experience of those actually living in the cities, who were often the most vocal opponents of the evisceration of their  neighborhoods. Planners put expressways through neighborhoods, ruining their natural ecosystems.  The way that low-income housing was introduced was, she showed, often creating even more unsafe neighborhoods where hopelessness ruled. A key principle for Jacobs is diversity, what she calls a most intricate and close-grained diversity of uses.  The benefit of diversity is mutual economic and social support.  She advocated that there were four principles to create diversity: The neighborhood should include a mixture of uses or functions. Rather than separating into separate areas the commercial, industrial, residential, and cultural spaces, Jacobs advocated for intermixing these.Blocks should be short. This would make promote walking to get to other parts of the neighborhood (and buildings with other functions), and it would also promote people interacting.Neighborhoods should contain a mixture of older and newer buildings. Older buildings might need renovation and renewal, but should not simply be razed to make room for new buildings, as old buildings made for a more continuous character of the neighborhood. Her work led to more focus on historical preservation.A sufficiently dense population, she argued, contrary to the conventional wisdom, created safety and creativity, and also created more opportunities for human interaction. Denser neighborhoods created eyes on the street more than separating and isolating people would. All four conditions, she argued, must be present, for adequate diversity.  Each city might have different ways of expressing the principles, but all were needed. Jane Jacobs Later Writings Jane Jacobs wrote six other books, but her first book remained the center of her reputation and her ideas. Her later works were: The Economy of Cities. 1969.The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle Over Sovereignty. 1980.Cities and the Wealth of Nations. 1984.Systems of Survival. 1992.The Nature of Economies. 2000.Dark Age Ahead. 2004. Selected Quotes â€Å"We expect too much of new buildings, and too little of ourselves.† â€Å"†¦that the sight of people attracts still other people, is something that city planners and city architectural designers seem to find incomprehensible. They operate on the premise that city people seek the sight of emptiness, obvious order and quiet. Nothing could be less true. The presences of great numbers of people gathered together in cities should not only be frankly accepted as a physical fact – they should also be enjoyed as an asset and their presence celebrated.† â€Å"To seek causes of poverty in this way is to enter an intellectual dead end because poverty has no causes. Only prosperity has causes.† â€Å"There is no logic that can be superimposed on the city; people make it, and it is to them, not buildings, that we must fit our plans.†

Distinct, Distinctive, and Distinguished

Though they are related, each of these three adjectives—distinct, distinctive, and distinguished—has its own meaning. Definitions The adjective distinct means separate, clearly defined, and easily distinguishable from all others. Distinct also means notable or highly probable. The adjective distinctive means having a quality that makes a person or thing noticeably different from others. The adjective distinguished means impressive, eminent, and/or worthy of respect. (Distinguished is also the past form of the verb distinguish, which means to demonstrate or perceive a difference, to see or hear [something] clearly, or to make [oneself] noteworthy.) Examples The human species, according to the best theory I can form of it, is composed of two distinct races, the men who borrow and the men who lend.(Charles Lamb, The Two Races of Men, 1813)It is from the blues that all that may be called American music derives its most distinctive characteristics.(James Weldon Johnson)Dr.  Jà ¤ger was a distinguished child psychiatrist, a music lover, and, I remember, a dog lover--he had two dachshunds, Sigmund and Sieglinde, whom he was extremely fond of.(Walker Percy,  The Thanatos Syndrome. Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1987) Usage Notes Anything that is distinct is clearly distinguishable from everything else; something distinctive is a quality or characteristic that makes it possible for us to distinguish one thing from another. Distinct speech is clear; distinctive speech is special or unusual. So a pileated woodpecker is a woodpecker distinct from most other woodpeckers, distinguishable from other woodpeckers; its large size is distinctive, helping us distinguish it from most other woodpeckers.(Kenneth G. Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Columbia University Press, 1993) Practice (a) The mirror was positioned so the receptionist could survey the entire waiting room from behind her desk.  It showed a _____-looking woman  in a fawn-colored suit, with long, auburn hair and a timeless gaze.(Davis Bunn, Book of Dreams. Simon Schuster, 2011)(b) Suhye let out her abrupt, _____  laugh. Her laugh was like an enormous, swollen soap bubble bursting. He could identify that laugh of hers with his eyes closed.(Jung Mi Kyung,  My Sons Girlfriend, trans. by Yu Young-Nan.  Ã‚  Columbia University Press, 2013)(c)  His face was lined with weariness and his eyes were red. There were two _____  grooves running down his cheeks from his eyes where his tears had fallen.(Alexander Godin, My Dead Brother Comes to America.  Windsor Quarterly, 1934) Answers to Practice Exercises: Distinct, Distinctive, and Distinguished (a) The mirror was positioned so the receptionist could survey the entire waiting room from behind her desk.  It showed a distinguished-looking woman  in a fawn-colored suit, with long, auburn hair and a timeless gaze.(Davis Bunn,  Book of Dreams. Simon Schuster, 2011)(b) Suhye let out her abrupt, distinctive  laugh. Her laugh was like an enormous, swollen soap bubble bursting. He could identify that laugh of hers with his eyes closed.(Jung Mi Kyung,  My Sons Girlfriend, trans. by Yu Young-Nan.  Ã‚  Columbia University Press, 2013)(c)  His face was lined with weariness and his eyes were red. There were two distinct  grooves running down his cheeks from his eyes where his tears had fallen.(Alexander Godin, My Dead Brother Comes to America.  Windsor Quarterly, 1934)

The Two Powerful Poetic Devices - Simile And Metaphor

The two powerful poetic devices – simile and metaphor Simile and metaphor are important poetic devices that poets often use in their poems across history. Since a poem is usually written in fewer words than other writings such as essays and novels, simile and metaphor provides an economic and efficient way of writing poetry. For example, in a novel, the author may write several lines up to several pages to describe how a character feels the situation he faces at the moment, however, a poet can pitch a few words to deliver his feelings by using appropriate simile and metaphor. More importantly, other than economy of expression, simile and metaphor is a creative way of telling emotions, feelings, thoughts, and larger themes. Countless poets speak about ‘life and death’, ‘love and friendship’, and ‘beauty and aging’, but each poem is very unique because they find their distinctive way of saying the same thing, and simile and metaphor enables them to do so. Another valuable aspects of these poetic dev ices is that they also allows various interpretations for readers depending on each reader’s background experiences. Simile and metaphor encourage audiences to use their own experiences and imaginations to come up with diverse interpretations. In the following paragraphs, two poems will be discussed to show how the poets used simile and metaphor to convey their notions; â€Å"Hope† is the thing with feathers by Emily Dickinson and She Walks in Beauty by George Gordon, Lord Byron.Show MoreRelatedStill I Rise - Analysis639 Words   |  3 Pageshas a very powerful message. Although this poem was written in 1978, I feel as if anyone can relate to it even in this time period. Everybody experiences discrimination at some point in their lives, and this poem teaches readers to have pride and hope in their selves in order to overcome any obstacle that comes their way. There are quite a few poetic devices in the poem I will be focusing on such as similes, metaphors, repetition and imagery. All of these devices create an overall powerful poem. Read MoreLet Me Not The Marriage Of True Minds By William Shakespeare And Entre Nous By Neil Peart962 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry is an extremely powerful form of literature. It can be written in several ways creating different reactions from various kinds of audiences. All audiences react to poems differently but the main point of a poem is to leave a lasting impression on someone and changing one’s mindset hence, why they are so powerful. The poems, â€Å"Let me not to the Marriage of True Minds (sonnet 116)† by William Shakespeare and â€Å"Entre Nous† by Neil Peart are two extremely powerful poems. The poems are compellingRead MoreDulce et Decorum Est, by Wilfred Owen and the poem To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars, by Richard Lovelace,1121 Words   |  5 PagesThe two poems, â€Å"To Lucasta, going to the Wars† by Richard Lovelace and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Ow en are both devoted to the subject of war. Lovelace’s poem was written in the 17th century and as well as almost all the poetry of the period has romantic diction. The war is shown as something truly worthwhile, glossed and honorable for a man. The protagonist is leaving his beloved for the battlefield and his tone is pathetic and solemn. He calls the war his new mistress and asks his belovedRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est And The Horrors Of War Poem Analysis1425 Words   |  6 Pagesis a very powerful form of expression, and when written by someone who has experienced the horrors of war, it can deeply convey the grim reality of war. Utilising personal experiences and pre-war ideology, World War I poets Wilfred Owens and Rupert Brookes’ were able to recreate the glory and horror of the Great War through their works ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ and ‘The Soldier’. This essay will compare and contrast the themes, mood and tone, and imagery through the u se of literary devices employed inRead MoreFigurative Language in Romeo and Juliet1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe very essence of cooperation and communication relies eternally on the inspired art of language, without which any possible human development could occur. Furthermore, the perception of verbal communication splits between two realms, reality and literature, constituting two linguistic variations, figurative and literal. Throughout the world of literature, figurative language adds depth and dimension to any work of writing. It describes something comprehendible on an imaginative level but not onRead MoreThe Development of War Poetry Throughout Ww11027 Words   |  5 Pagesfavor of the war and states that the ‘richer dust’ that is concealed in the ground that sinks into the already rich earth is from those soldiers who fought in the war. He uses this metaphor to decipher that the soldiers should be proud and England will be proud of them for fighting for their country. Another poetic device used in the poem is that he personifies England, talking about â€Å"her† like a mother looking after all the soldiers, ‘A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware.’ This is also inRead MoreThe Poetry Pundits : Racism1197 Words   |  5 PagesThe Poetry Pundits: Racism *Introductory Music * Hello all, welcome back to another episode of The Poetry Pundits. I’m your host Max Millis, and in today’s podcast I will be analysing two poems by acclaimed American poet, storyteller, activist, and autobiographer, Maya Angelou. Angelou spent most of her childhood in Arkansas, and as an African American, experienced firsthand racial prejudices and discrimination at an early age. Angelou sadly passed in 2014; however she will forever be rememberedRead MoreCompare And Contrast Emily Dickinsons Death And Nothing But Death1165 Words   |  5 PagesWhat most people know about Emily Dickinson is that she was an isolated poet from Massachusetts who composed plenty of poems in the 1800s, which was published after her death. Death and funerals are two major topics of Emilys poem. Because I Could Not Stop for Death is one of Emily Dickinsons longest and most captivating poem. The artist Pablo Neruda is also a very popular poet for his political activism and his electric poetry. He was first known for his alluring poems such as Today aroundRead More Dulce et Decorum Est Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesWar I contradicts the old Latin saying, Dulce et Decorum Est, which translated means, â€Å"it is sweet and honorable to die for the fatherland†; which is exemplified through Owen’s use of title, diction, metaphor and simile, imagery, and structure throughout the entirety of the poem. The first device used by Owen in the poem is without a doubt the title, in which he uses to establish the opposing side of the argument in the poem. The poem is titled, â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, which comes from Horace’sRead MoreWilfred Owens Poetry Expresses Strong and Impressive Feelings713 Words   |  3 Pagesoften expresses a strong and impressive feeling of the persona. The poems ‘Storm’ and ‘Maundy Thursday’, both convey a man’s powerful, physical attractiveness to the persona. Owen uses his skillful writing to achieve such a strong impression of this in these two poems. In each poem, Owen uses the form and structure of the poem, diction of the poem, as well as poetic devices and figurative language to portray the feelings and thoughts of the persona. The form and structure of both poems is a hybrid

The Approach Of Systems Thinking Commerce Essay Free Essays

string(58) " more about what really governs people ‘s behavior\." Over this century the attack of Systems Thinking has gained increasing attending in assorted social spheres, such as civilization, scientific discipline, general and human ecology, faith and economic sciences A ; direction. System Thinking has taught us that it is non about faulting other people but to work together to happen a solution and to accomplish that there must be a good relationship, connectivity and interconnectivity. For any system to work efficaciously it is recommended that all parts be present and functional and must be connected to a proper manner. We will write a custom essay sample on The Approach Of Systems Thinking Commerce Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now System believing in an Organisation chiefly depends on accomplishing negative information through openness and feedback, system believing besides plays a major function in administrations and aid to acquire rid of disfucntional administration, Successful organisations develop features and execute procedures that allow them to accommodate to restraints, menaces, and chances. For any administration grow and better that administration must so go larning administration and for it to work efficaciously there should be an effectual leading which will convey effectual alteration and originative thoughts to the administration. Learning organisation deter the outlook that it is merely senior direction who can and make all the thought for the full corporation and it hence encourages everyone ‘s thoughts are valued and amount that people can lend and it is non determined by place in the organisation. 2.1 Quiz 1 The embedding procedure, The following scenario has been experienced from my company. This typical illustration is used to suit the ‘Why ‘ Question in the hereafter. Buying a Generator Transformer for Majuba Unit 1 Why Generator Transformer? Can transport high Voltage and high Amperes Can defy higher Temperatures. Can defy lower Temperatures Can be used out-of-doorss and Indoors Using natural air and oil for chilling Can step up or down the Voltage Excessively dearly-won Available on shelves Why non Unit transformer? Carries less Voltage and Amperes Easily acquire hot due to insufficient chilling Low current capacity Inadequate chilling system Reasonable monetary value Can merely step down the Voltage Why non dry type Transformer? Recommended for Indoors usage Can non defy high temperatures Can non stand really low temperatures Very inexpensive Can merely step down the Voltage. Why non BFP ‘s Transformers? Not design to transport out high tonss Can defy high and lower temporaries Reasonable monetary value 5. Why non Pole mounted Transformer Does non suit for the intent, Can defy temperature alterations Not available on shelf Used FOR Domestic intent The result of the analysis shows that Option figure 1 is the lone 1 that is applicable for the Majuba Power Station, this is due to the fact that option figure 1 meets all the specific demands and is ever available on shelves. 2.2 QUIZ 2 House Criteria and Requirements Weight House A House Bacillus HOUSE C Bedroom size 10 3 3 4 Shoping Centre 5 1 3 1 Security 5 2 2 1 Garage 5 3 1 1 Crime Rate 5 2 1 2 Police station 5 1 1 3 Gardening size 5 2 1 2 Design 5 3 1 1 Vicinity 5 1 1 3 Traffic 10 6 2 2 School 10 2 4 4 Location 10 3 1 6 Family demand 5 2 2 1 Affordability ( Price ) 10 4 4 2 Near to work 5 3 1 1 Entire 100 38 28 34 Table 1 Decision doing Tool The determination doing tool used above on Table 1 used a standard to measure the best house that one can purchase, Given the demand that the house should run into or follow with, the determination was taken that House A is the best house to purchase. 2.3 QUIZ 3 Plethora of Literature Fig 1 Brain Power Fig 1 above Tells about the Memory ability Factor: System believing illustrate that no affair how much work burden you might hold the encephalon power aid to execute you responsibilities and ensures that all work acquire don, it besides tells us that a proper planning plays a immense function on all state of affairs one could come across with, It hence of import for the individual to acquire sufficient cognition and preparation to accomplish the best consequences. Fig 2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT Fig 2 above Tells us on Project direction state of affairs planning besides plays a immense function and if planning is non done one will confront troubles when it comes to Project Execution, Project Management is worthless when the quality is compromised, Fig 2 Teach us the for the undertaking to executed, The strategic program is where we find the AIM of the system the ‘whole ‘ should be taken into consideration, intending that the must be a continues betterment and a strategic planning and Management should be pattern for a Undertaking to be a successful one. FIG 3 INFORMATION SYSTEM BEHAVIOR Fig 3 above Tells us the information system in administration, Organisation should guarantee that its values are know by all employees and should populate by them, Trust within the administration leads to a good squad work with one end of accomplishing the best for the company. Policies and process should organize portion of day-to-day activities and should be communicated to all employees in an administration, 2.3.1 LETTER TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Title: System Thinking Application in Organisation Background Many companies have failed themselves and some resulted in shuting down, No one of all time take clip to understand why this happens, Research shows that system thought does non be and Management does thing the manner they think. Most administrations do non run as a ‘whole ‘ but instead as a ‘part ‘ of the system. System Thinking Application Fig 1, 2 and 3 above illustrate Different application of the system thought, each and every figure will lend to the turning and development of the administration, Employees and Management will derive a batch of trust and apprehension of each other, to better our methods of alteration, hence, we need to understand more about what really governs people ‘s behavior. You read "The Approach Of Systems Thinking Commerce Essay" in category "Essay examples" When no alteration occurs, it is the form of behavior that remains unchanged. Making the right thing means we have to larn how to see an administration as a system and understand the deductions of that position for what it means to pull off. Recommendation and Decision System believing when applied decently can alter the mentality of employees and it is recommended that all employees to be exposed to system thought and the construction should be such that employees must experience that they are portion of the administration, It is recommended that preparation should be provided to the employees to acquire the good consequences of system thought, Good communicating construction to be in topographic point and all informed of it, In decision, A learning administration produces a good consequences and increases working public presentation which leads to an addition in production. It is the Board determination to accept the application of System believing in this administration taking into history the benefit and the impact the system believing will hold in the administration. 2.4 QUIZ 4 What is Fractal – a fractal is any object or something or signifier created from repeated forms apparent at many degrees of graduated table. In my administration, I have noticed that a fractal quality take topographic point when we do the pre occupation brief [ where safety and occupation planning is discussed before the occupation can really get down ] and the Safety of people is ever emphasised and repeated, this is done to accomplish one end which is to hold zero first assistance and zero Loss clip hurts. Another Changes that I need to Implement is to accomplish Fractal quality is Cardinal regulations, These regulations are the regulations that can non be broken by anyone and should anyone interrupt anyone of the regulations, there will be a formal disciplinary for that person which might consequences to a serious misconduct These five cardinal regulations are as follows: Open, Isolates, Earth and/or bond and safety trial before touch Hook up at highs Be sober Have Permit to work I therefore see it necessary to warn co-workers each twenty-four hours about these five cardinal regulations. 2.4 QUIZ 5 1. Angstrom 2. – 4B 3. Bacillus 4. Angstrom 5. Angstrom 6. Bacillus 7. – 4C 2.5 QUIZ 6 Undertaking Name: Renovation of Turbine Valves This is a undertaking that is presently busy with at my work topographic point Majuba Power Station Unit 4. Background In 2009 it was suspected that unit 4 Turbine Valve are damaged, this came after the machine was in a procedure of closing down after flushing extremum, The Operator who was in charge of the machine did non follow the shut down process and he was erroneously unfastened the control valve and allow H2O to travel through the Turbine, Water should non at any point go to the turbine as this could caused Quenching [ allow H2O to the turbine valves ] . The effects of Turbine extinction is a categorized as a catastrophe which cause the Rotors on the Turbine to flex and finally do the Turbine to vibrate, and since last twelvemonth therefore far the quiver has been so high, The ground for non making the fixs last when the incident take topographic point was the fact the system could non let Majuba to take the machine out for Outage due to the system constrains. The machine have been running at a lower burden since last twelvemonth and the hazard to run the machine with amendss was identified and all extenuation was put in topographic point to avoid farther amendss to the Turbine. Scope of work: Shut down the Machine Force cool the machine for 36hrs Erect Scaffolding [ Sub contract ] Remove lagging and cladding [ Sub contract ] Remove Turbine 4 Turbine valves Remove Turbine Two Rotors Send both Valves and Rotors for fixs at Alstom [ Sub contract ] Inspect and replace bearing no 1 and 10 if found damaged Collect both Valves and Rotors from Alstom Put back Turbine rotors Put back Turbine Valves Replace lagging and facing Dismantle Scaffolding [ Sub contract ] Perform Turbine tests, take reading and analyse [ Sub contract ] Start up the Machine The chief Contractor is Rotek Engineering Sub contractor no 1 Kaefer [ Scaffolding ] Sub contractor no 2 Alstom Power Services Entire costs for this Undertaking is R 13,000,000.00 Chaos Theory application This Undertaking was scheduled to get down on the 16th September and complete on the 29th October 2010, The chief Contractor is Rotek Engineering Sub contractor no 1 Kaefer [ Scaffolding ] Sub contractor no 2 Alstom Power Services After go toing The Da Vinci Institute classes on System Management, the tool used on the stuff was checked against my current undertakings as follows: So far Alstom has indicated that will be little alteration on the undertaking continuance as the range on the Valves and Rotors has increased after they have stripped and inspected the Vales and Rotors and that has a direct influence on the entire budget allocated, Rotek contractor together with Alstom revised the saloon chart every bit good as the WBS [ Non additive paradigm adopted ] which so showed a late completion day of the month of the 5th November 2010, as Eskom we do non desire to lose clip on the undertaking we so called up a particular meeting with the chief Contractor [ Rotek ] , The contractor was requested to direct a citation for an extra range submitted after the review was done and Eskom besides instructed the Rotek to acquire more resources and besides cite on that extra resources ( we applied control ) , The entire costs now has been increased to R 13A 850,000.00 which was non approved budget ab initio. We so as a squad called up a meeting with everyone involved, all were encouraged to work safe and put focal point on the work, the coverage / communicating construction [ D channel applied ] and organogram besides discussed with the squad and all understood the set up. Team members were motivated and were promised a braai every bit good as Game gift verifiers of R 150, 00 each should the undertaking be completed on clip. Everybody was asked to experience free on the occupation and to describe any insecure act and the suggestion box was placed on the floor for anyone with jobs on the undertaking itself including HR and Salary issues. In this undertaking non much alteration was applied to the solutions of mending the Valves and the Rotors as the recommendation was given by the industry and no other determination could be made as this constituents are non manufactured locally and no 1 knows much within South Africa. Presently the squad and everybody involved are happy and this is conformed by the committedness and dedication noted on the squad, this has led to a decrease in continuance of the undertaking by two yearss. The decrease in continuance has helped in costs decrease on the undertaking. Therefore Chaos theory in Project Management has taught us the followers: If a good planning and Execution is non done decently, that undertaking is a If there is no proper communicating in a squad, that is a formula for a catastrophe in a undertaking [ D channel plays a immense function ] The undertaking environment should be contributing for the squad to larn in order to maximize the usage of alteration. 3.1 ANALYSE ELEMENT FROM STAKEHOLDER ‘S VIEWPONT 3.1.1 Power Generation and Supply at Eskom This is an component that I will be discoursing and analysing, besides to place Operating, Transaction every bit good as Contextual Environment. A Operating Environment Structure: It is good defined and all employees and employer understand and follow the agreed construction. Culture: Like any other organisation, Culture diverseness is still a challenge as people do things otherwise and besides think otherwise. Competences: Competent people are largely on Majuba side although there is still some work to be done and less competent people are more on Contractors working under Majuba. Resources: In footings of resources, most of the work is outsourced and that is where the most resources are in employed compared to the resources Majuba. B Transactional Environment Communities: Not applicable. Regulators: Eskom is regulated by NERSA in footings of Electricity and in footings Gender equity it is for regulated by authorities Act and ain internal processs. Stockholders: Government and World Bank Creditors: Customers: Eskom clients are chiefly all house clasp, Municipalities, Mines, and Hospitals every bit good outside states like Zimbabwe. Suppliers: Eskom providers are chiefly the coal mines, section of H2O personal businesss, gas Industries, letter paper companies every bit good Computer companies. Rivals: Presently Eskom does non hold rivals in footings of Electrical power coevals, but other companies generate their ain Electricity for ain usage e.g. Sasol. Trade association: Not applicable Unions / employees: Eskom employees have three brotherhoods stand foring them and they are NUM, NUMSA every bit good Solidarity. C. Contextual Environment Political Forces: Political engagement does be but chiefly take portion in higher Management degree, The ground being that the Eskom Chief Executive Officer is appointed by the Minister of Public Enterprise and Energy. Economic Forces: Economic forces has negatively impacted Eskom in the past two old ages and that was due to the universe recession and the factor is the new physique Eskom Power Stations which requires a batch of one million millions to be completed and that has besides put Eskom into fiscal crisis at this phase. Ecological Forces: Not applicable and have no impact on Eskom concern and operation. Technological Forces, Technology keeps on turning and coming each and every twelvemonth and Eskom is ever out at that place seeking for new thoughts and information of running the concern efficaciously and expeditiously without compromising its nucleus concern. Socio-cultural Forces: Peoples have different attitude, beliefs, imposts and life style every bit good as civilization, Eskom does hold these different people but they are no influence or whatsoever towards Eskom employees as they have established a wont of working as a squad. 3.2 FORMULATE THE MESS A ; DESCRIBE THE CURRENT REALITY 3.2.1 System Analysis Component System Environment Structure: The histrions involved here are the Employees, Trade brotherhoods, Employer, clients and providers, their involvement is to guarantee Generate Electricity and administer it to its clients. Eskom has a immense influence and impact on Electricity supply to its clients and besides has influence on its employees Members: Eskom Executive Committee Board members and employees on all Eskom divisions. Major constituents are all the electricity bring forthing workss and Coal and Gasses. Their relationship is that bring forthing workss requires Coal and Gasses to bring forth Electrical energy. Eskom has a dedicated staff that ensures there is continues supply of Electrical energy to Eskom clients, Currently Eskom stockholders are its employees every bit good as the Government, There are three trade brotherhoods viz. NUM, NUMSA every bit good as SOLIDARITY, Eskom chief clients are all Electricity users [ domestic usage ] , Mines, Hospitals and other neighbouring states, Current providers are Coal mines, gasses provider, Government appoints Eskom CEO and ensures that all authorities act are obeyed and followed by all Employers and Eskom is presently regulates by NERSA. Function: Eskom produced Electrical Energy for all its clients including neighbouring states like Zimbabwe, Electrical energy is produced for all family and domestic usage, Hospitals and companies every bit good as the mines that requires electrical energy to run their concerns, Daily meeting are held where the production demands are discussed and actions are taken by relevant persons. The chief merchandises is Electrical energy and the markets all Eskom clients, Presently Eskom does non hold major rivals, Eskom has entered the markets in a immense manner that its is registered with JSE every bit good as universe market, Eskom is presently making good in the Market as there are one other company that compete with Eskom and non much challenge is experience by Eskom, As antecedently discussed, Eskom has no rivals and hence no strength exist PROCESS ( Knowledge ) : Electrical energy is produced where by the Boiler filled with Tubes is heated through the Boiler Tubes and the steam is formed which the converted to a dry steam and transported at a high force per unit area which so turn the Turbine which in bend turned the Generator. The initiation processes takes topographic point in the generator and the magnetic field are produced and Electrical energy generated. Then the generated power transferred to the Generator transformer which the measure up the Voltage from 22A 000Volts to 400kv, this 400kv is the sent to the grid and so national control controls the power distribution to all system webs and Eskom clients Eskom seeks new engineering each and every twenty-four hours for its nucleus concern of bring forthing Electricity at sensible monetary value and that is ever available, although Eskom do hold competent people and accomplishments but there is spread that needs to be closed due to the fact that people with so right accomplishments are go forthing the administration and there is skill keeping or development program in topographic point, Throughput procedure: Eskom produces a capacity of 4100 MW of Electricity per twenty-four hours, provided the full machines are on burden bring forthing electricity. Organizational procedure: Eskom have processs and Policies in topographic point which aid to run the concern efficaciously e.g. finance, engineering, quality, human resources, and selling are of import procedure considerations. Minimum demand – To be able to bring forth Electrical energy that is ever available at a sensible monetary value, Benchmaker: The best participants in the administration are all the Eskom employees and the employer who makes it possible produces this Electricity, Cost of selling is 150 Per Megawatt, Cost of Production is about R38m per Megawatt, Cost of developing about R12m, Cost of rank ( operating expenses ) is about R50m. 3.2.2 OBSTRUCTION ANALYSIS BSTRUCTION ANALYSIS Function Structure Procedure Power Daily meeting are held where the production demands are discussed and actioned to relevant persons. Beginning of Power is at Management degrees and they are responsible for continues running of the Plant. Policies and process are clear and good defined, all people involved are cognizant of the procedure to be followed. Cognition Everyone is clear and knows precisely of what needs to be done as all are allocated with work for that peculiar twenty-four hours. All employees are measured utilizing the in agreement cardinal public presentation Indexs and the wages being the Performance Appraisal Bonuses. The system is in topographic point for all the divergence and control in conformity with NEC, feedback is required on specific agreed day of the months. Wealth In footings of Market viability, Eskom is still safe as the Market response rather good since there are no rivals ; The demand increases at a fast rate. Eskom beginning of money is on both Eskom ego net income every bit good as World bank where most of the loans are granted to Eskom. Although some the Generating Machines are acquiring old, The Machines still operates efficaciously and the demand is forecast 48 hrs upfront at the control Centre situated in Germiston and planned consequently. Beauty Eskom vision of the coveted hereafter province that ‘Together constructing the powerbase for sustainable growing and development and to supply Southern Africa with dependable cost effectual Power ‘ At the present minute Eskom does non hold any insecurities and disaffection, South Africa chiefly dependant on Eskom to provide Electricity and the support is continues. There is a good Integration on Eskom ‘s stakeholders, The distinction exist when Government is loath to O.K. requested financess and when clients has to pay additions on Electricity Valuess The Main hazards that Eskom faces are deficit of skilled forces, Insufficient power bring forthing machines to run into the increasing demand every bit good as support of the new undertakings Eskom value its employees and handle everyone with regard they deserve, The Group consists of different people coming from different background and Culture and everyone respects other chap ‘s civilization. Conflict Management processs are in topographic point to cover with any struggle arising. Depending on each instance virtue but largely a disciplinary commission plays a function. 3.2.3 REFERENCE PROJECTION There is a batch of a thing that could go on should at that place be no alteration the manner administration operates, the undermentioned explains: The company will non turn and no invention. The company will non copy with new Technologies Skilled people will non acquire challenge and will stop up populating the administration 3.2.4 REFERENCE SCENARIOS Organisation would destruct itself by non using alteration in the current manner they operates their concerns, Administration that do non guarantee its employees are acquiring developed and are given opportunity to research. Administration destroys itself if it non a learning administration and when power is on certain single merely Administration that does non hold Policies and processs would be destructing its hereafter. 3.3 DESCRIBE THE AS IT SHOULD STATE FOR AREA – Probe Here we discuss the Solutions that can assist to better the system by discoursing the followers: 3.3.1 Where system in an administration should be more opened? In my administration I believe the system should be more opened on the followers: Open in communicating construction from the high Management to a lower category people in the administration. Open in Information sharing within the administration even to the people who do non hold entree to e-mail and GroupWise. Open in people ‘s development Open in giving people a platform for Innovation. Open in Procedures and Policies. 3.3.2 Where the system in an administration should be closed? Close in High degree Management determination Near in Individual wages. 3.3.3 Where the system in an administration should be connected? Different sections working in silos should be connected Different division should be connected. 3.3.4 Where Boundaries should be? When people non following processs. When people are interrupting the jurisprudence and the regulations. Applied when there is a no work a no wage should use. 3.3.5 Where is the form in an administration? Time order, everybody to maintain on start working clip. Follow processs on all work. Treat everybody with regard. 3.4 CASUAL LOOP DIAGRAM 3.4.1 Casual Loop Diagram Key Findings The undermentioned points indicate the chief country of concern on the above Casual cringle diagram in Fig 5: It is noted that high population addition electricity demand which in bend reduces the Supply of electricity The current procedure of bring forthing electricity has a negative impact on our environment as it causes pollution to the air. The effects of fouling the may every bit good mine workers where Cola is supplied may consequences to human deaths. It is an obvious instance that in winter season where there is no rainfall, the Eskom administration finds it hard to bring forth Electricity as there is immense deficit of H2O in the dikes and rivers. The more human deaths are experience in the industries is the more our population acquire reduced. It is true Eskom is lending to the Economy of this state because all concerns needs electricity to operates efficaciously Eskom as an administration opens occupation chances and allow people to develop in their callings within Eskom. It is besides noted that when the employees are given a opportunity to get cognition through surveies and research, they become more enlightening and increase that increases their accomplishments. 3.4.2 Recommendation from the Casual Loop Diagram The safety of people is a precedence and no production loss or net income can warrant the safety of people, it is hence recommended that the Companies should be more watchful and put systems in topographic point to guarantee that workers come to work safe and unrecorded work safe. It is recommended that administrations should hold a program in topographic point to develop its employees, this will convey good consequences in a long tally and will lend to the high net income of the administration as the employees will be more skilled and knowing which helps in increasing the company production. 3.5 FRACTAL LIKE REQUIREMENT Refer to Quiz no 4 on page 10 3.6 BOARD MEMORANDUM Refer to Quiz no 3 on page 6 3.7 Decision In decision, whether we consider systems believing largely a new position and a set of tools, it has a power and a possible that one time we have been introduced, are difficult to defy. The more you learn about this challenging field, the more you will desire to cognize. In administrations, System Thinking has taught us that all sections should work together and incorporate to accomplish the best consequences, It has besides taught that although we need to cover with a alteration in our environment and learn to near as the ‘whole ‘ instead that as ‘parts ‘ of the system. How to cite The Approach Of Systems Thinking Commerce Essay, Essay examples

Exam Marketing free essay sample

Please put your name and student number (both, in digits and by filling the boxes) on your answer sheet. After finishing the exam you will hand in your answer sheet. Fill in the correct version code at the bottom right of the answer form by filling the correct box. Version 1 Warning against fraud: In the case of fraud the maximum punishment is exclusion from all examinations for one year. Your mobile phone should be switched off and should be put in your bag. Your bag should be closed and placed on the floor to the left of your desk. During the examination you are not allowed to go to the toilet unless the co- rdinating invigilator gives you permission to do so. Tools allowed: pencils, eraser, English-native language dictionary. (no books or notes. ) Specific information on this examination: This exam consists of 60 Multiple Choice Questions with 4 alternatives each. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question, and mark your answers on the answer form by filling the boxes. A computer will read your answers. The result of this examination will be published within 18 working days after the date of this examination. Reviewing the examination: Specific information on procedure and planning will be posted on Blackboard. Good luck with the exam! MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Car rental firms, hair dressers, and management consultants provide goods B) experiences C) events D) services 2) Julia is worried about the rising pollution levels in her city. She doesnt mind paying extra for goods and services that use sustainable processes to help control A) declining demand B) nonexistent demand C) latent demand D) negative demand 3) Marketers must see themselves as benefit providers. For example, when a shopper purchases new shoes, he/she expects the shoes to cover his/her feet and allow him/ her to walk unobstructed. This is an example of what level in the consumer-value hierarchy? A) pure tangible good B) basic product C) augmented product D) potential product 4) Which aspect of holistic marketing motivates employees and ensures that everyone in the organization embraces appropriate marketing principles, especially senior management? A) relationship marketing B) integrated marketing C) internal marketing D) performance marketing 5) The number of different persons or households exposed to a particular media chedule at least once during a specified time period is known as A) range B) impact C) reach D) frequency 6) A company that seeks to increase its sales and profits through backward, forward, or horizontal integration within the industry is said to be employing a(n) strategy. A) diversification growth B) intensive growth C) integrative growth D) conglomerate growth 7) The is the last section of the marketing plan and spells out the goals and budget for each month or quarter, so management can review each periods results and take action as needed. A) situation analysis B) marketing strategy C) financial projections D) implementation and controls 2 8) The internal records system supplies results data, but the marketing intelligence system supplies A) internal B) revenue C) thematic D) happenings data. ocial institutions†schools, churches, businesses, and governments; they are very difficult to change. A) Transient B) Secondary C) core D) Variable 10) A company can take several steps to improve the quality of its marketing intelligence. If the company purchases competitive products for study, attends open houses and trade shows, and reads competitors published reports and stockholder information, the company is using ntelligence. A) sales-force surrogates B) intermediaries C) external networks D) advisory panels to improve the quality of its marketing 1 1) If the goal of marketing research is to shed light on the real nature of a problem and to suggest possible solutions or new ideas, the research is said to be descriptive B) quantitative C) secondary D) exploratory approach uses concepts and tools from anthropology and other social science disciplines to provide deep cultural understanding of how people live and work. A) Cognitive research B) Archaeological research C) Ethnographic research D) Deductive research llow respondents to answer in their own words and often reveal more about how people think. A) Open-end questions B) Dichotomous questions C) Likert scale questions D) Multiple choice questions 14) The bundle of costs customers expect to incur in evaluating, obtaining, using, and disposing of the given market offering is called the A) activity-based cost B) customer profitability analysis C) total customer cost D) product life-cycle cost 3 15) Field Grocery wants to learn the strengths and weaknesses in customer service at all the Field Grocery stores. Which of the following methods can it use for this? A) roup buyers C) mystery shoppers D) buying agents 16) The aim of customer relationship management is to produce high customer . A) integrity B) loyalty C) innovation D) liability 17) If a marketer decides to segment a market based on neighborhoods, the marketer will have chosen the A) demographic B) psychographic C) geographic D) cultural method of segmentation. 18) If a marketing manager employs such marketing techniques as online buzz, student ambassadors, cool events, and street teams to reach target markets, the manager is most likely appealing to the A) Generation X B) Generation Y C) Silent generation D) Baby boomers market. 19) General Motors, a leading American multinational automaker, sells cars for every purpose, purse, and personality. This is an example of A) undifferentiated B) differentiated C) concentrated D) niche 20) According to the VALS segmentation system, marketing. are considered to be trendy and funloving people who are resource-constrained. They favor stylish products that emulate the purchases of those with greater material wealth. A) strivers B) survivors C) experiencers D) makers 21) Brand B) equity C) preference D) identity is the added value endowed to products and services. A) loyalty 22) According to the brand asset valuator model, which of the components of brand equity measures how aware and familiar consumers are with the brand? A) esteem 4 B) energized differentiation C) relevance 23) The introduction of diet coke by the Coca Cola Company is an example of A) line extension B) brand harmonization C) brand dilution D) co-branding 24) Which of the following terms is most closely associated with the statement: attributes or benefits consumers strongly associate with a brand, positively evaluate, and believe that they could not find to the same extent with a competitive brand? A) points-of-inflection B) points-of-difference C) points-of-parity D) points-of-value 25) are visual representations of consumer perceptions and preferences. A) Procedural maps B) Brain maps C) Perceptual maps D) Procedural models 26) Singapore Airlines is well regarded in large part because of the excellence of its flight attendants. This is an example of differentiation. A) image B) services C) product D) employee 27) When Starbucks introduced its Tazo Tea line to bring in new customers who had never gone to Starbucks because they dont drink coffee, Starbucks was employing a trategy. A) market-penetration B) new-market segment C) geographical-expansion D) niche identification 28) An alternative to being a market follower in a large market is to be a leader in a small market. This type of competitor is called a A) marketing king B) market nicher C) segment king D) guerilla marketer 29) is a slowdown in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. A) Introduction B) Growth C) Decline D) Maturity 5 30) The marketing concept holds that for its products B) customers who are coaxed into buying a product will most likely uy it again C) a new product will not be successful unless it is priced, distributed, and sold properly D) consumers and businesses, if left alone, wont buy enough of the organizations products 31) What types of goods are purchased frequently, immediately, and with minimum effort by the consumers? A) specialty goods B) shopping goods C) unsought goods D) convenience goods 32) We define packaging as all the activities of designing and producing the container for a product. This includes up to three levels of material: primary package, secondary package, and B) design package C) shipping package D) consumer package . A) retailer package 33) Which of the following is an example of a hybrid service? A) teaching B) car C) restaurant meal D) soap 34) Services high in have characteristics that the buyers can evaluate before purchase. A) search qualities B) experience qualities C) credence qualities D) privacy qualities 35) Jake had an appointment at the doctors, but couldnt make it on time because he was caught in traffic. By the time he reached the doctors office, the doctor had already begun with the next patient. This illustrates the A) variability B) heterogeneity C) perishability D) intangibility f services. 36) Companies who believe that a higher sales volume leads to lower unit costs and higher long-run profits are attempting to A) maximize their market share B) skim the market C) become a product-quality leader D) merely survive in the market 37) In which of the following auctions does the auctioneer first announce a high price for a product and then slowly decreases the price until a bidder accepts? A) an English auction with one seller and many buyers B) an ascending bid auction C) a sealed-bid auction 6 38) A(n) is an extra payment designed to gain reseller participation in special rograms. A) seasonal discount B) allowance C) discount D) quantity discount 39) When is a pull strategy appropriate? A) when there is low brand loyalty B) when consumers are able to perceive differences between brands C) when brand choice is made in the store D) when it is a low involvement purchase 40) Which of the following is an example of a zero-level channel? A) A company takes online orders from customers and ships the products to them. B) A company sells its products through wholesalers and retailers. C) A company sells its products through chains of supermarkets and other large sellers. D) A large company forms alliances with smaller companies to increase sales coverage. 41) A(n) includes the producer, wholesaler(s), and retailer(s) acting as a unified system. A) parallel marketing channel B) vertical marketing system C) internal marketing system D) conventional marketing channel 42) Which of the following types of retailing generally entails the highest costs? A) full-service B) self-service C) limited service D) self-selection 43) Which of the following is an example of a word-of-mouth marketing communication platform? A) chat rooms B) billboards C) factory tours D) incentive programs 4) Which of the following is true for franchisors? A) The franchisor has to pay the franchisee to be part of the franchise system. B) The franchisor licenses the trade mark from the franchisee. C) The franchisor must change its operations to suit those of the franchisees. D) The franchisor collects royalty payments from the franchisee. 5) Which of the following is an advantage of using the percentage-of-sales method to determine the marketing communications budget? A) The percentage-of-sales method encourages stability when competing firms spend approximately the same portion of their sales on communications. B) The percentage-of-sales method views sales as the determiner of communications rather than as the result. C) The percentage-of-sales method leads to a budget set by market opportunities rather than the availability of funds. by determining what each product and territory deserves. 46) Which of the following sequences accurately represents the hierarchy-of-effects model of marketing communications? A) attention-interest-desire-action B) awareness-interest-evaluation-trial-adoption C) awareness-knowledge-liking-preference-conviction-purchase D) exposure- reception-cognitive response-attitude-intention-behavior 47) A(n) ppeal is a creative strategy that elaborates on product or service attributes or benefits.

War Dehumanization in All Quiet on The Western Front Essay Example

War Dehumanization in All Quiet on The Western Front Paper War Dehumanization in All Quiet on The Western Front BY Itmes123 War Dehumanization If you think of humanity as one large body, then war is like suicide, or at best, self mutilation( Jerome Crabb). Paul B? ¤umer, the protagonist of All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque fulfills his understanding of Jerome Crabbs quote after experiencing everything war has to offer. In the novel, Paul truly experiences what being in war can physically and mentally do to not only a man, but their families as well. It is apparent that Erich Maria Remarque had Paul B? ¤umer face various orrifying situations while at the front to make a powerful statement against war and everything associated with it. Throughout the book, Remarque uses implicit statements to help prove his argument in a myriad of ways. The statements Remarque includes in the novel cohere with one another to show that war dehumanizes the soldiers who choose to enlist into it. Through the implicit language and arguments used, the dehumanization effect war brought upon the soldiers is illustrated as an unbreakable force that takes no pity on the soldiers at the front. We will write a custom essay sample on War Dehumanization in All Quiet on The Western Front specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on War Dehumanization in All Quiet on The Western Front specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on War Dehumanization in All Quiet on The Western Front specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It greatly affects the soldiers physically, mentally, and even psychologically. Erich Maria Remarque shows that war has a dehumanizing effect on the men even to the point of being compared to savages by using point of view, literary devices and imagery. By applying the points of view of the distinct characters in his novel, Remarque is able to implicitly make the argument that war dehumanizes the soldiers in every way possible. Because of the usage of point of view, the argument trying to be proven is seen through a clearer outlook since a single characters personality does not affect the argument of war dehumanizing the men. Conventional human characteristics, for xample the significance of education, have seemed to be lost completely due to war. When discussion arises between Paul and his comrades about their aspirations after war, the men come to realize that they have forgotten most of what their schoolmaster Kantorek had taught them back in school which was really not that long ago. Paul even considers the school lessons they received back as civilians to be rot(86). The word choice Paul uses sort of gives off a supercilious tone on education. Pauls tone on the topic illustrates that he sees little or no value in the education he learned from his schoolmasters. Obviously, education is seen as an extremely important part of humanity of the soldiers but since Paul is devaluing education, he is essentially devaluing humanity as well. Adding onto Pauls depreciation of education at the front, as Leer, one of his closest comrades is killed, Paul comes to the understanding that being such a good mathematician at school served Leer no good while fghting on the front (284). The realization he made is that war does not take pity for people who are well educated. Paul feels that war cares nothing of education since Leers mathematics skills were not able to help him survive the ombardment and therefore, the education used on Leer served of very little use for him since ne was not able to survive the wrath ot war. This experience displays to Paul that only instinct can help to survive being at the front. Solely using instinct to survive is a characteristic only vital to animals and because Paul exhibits this characteristic, Remarque is implying that all soldiers act based off of instinct.. It is in essence showing that the soldiers in way are at a level comparable to various animals. Yet another point of view Remarque incorporates to illustrate animal like ualities in the soldiers is that of Albert Kropp. In this instance, Kropp is badly hurt with an amputated leg. He no longer sees the value of enduring the strong pain as he tells Paul that he will shoot himself the first time he can get a hold of his revolver(261). By devaluing his own life, Kropp has shown to the readers that war has destroyed his own humanity since life is one of the most important values in humanity. Without the virtue of humanity, Kropp and many other soldiers that find themselves in similar situations can be compared to animals. The points of view from Albert and Paul all are brought together to show the dehumanization effect war causes since the men are no longer caring for their humanity. Also, literary devices integrated in the novel cohere with each other to furthermore show how the soldiers at war become less and less human everyday. As the soldiers fall in line for breakfast to receive their normal amount of rations, the sergeant cook is shocked to see that only 80 of the men survived the heavy attack from the previous day. He unwittingly made enough food for the 150 men but because nearly half of them had died, the ook finds himself with an overload of food. Because of the massive surplus, the soldiers in line for breakfast plead their case to the cook that they should receive double rations for the day. At first, the cook is hesitant to comply with the soldiers orders thinking Eighty men cant have what is meant for a hundred and fifty'(5). The literary device shown here is irony as after persuading the cook for double rations, the Second Company which came back 80 strong has no difficulty consuming all of the leftover food meant for the other soldiers who were not as lucky to survive. After eceiving and consuming the extra food, the soldiers showed no remorse of the fact that they were eating their fellow dead soldiers breakfast. The only emotion they felt was satisfaction in their bellies. The men usually receive minimal food at the front so they quickly snap at the opportunity to receive an extra ration despite it being meant for the dead soldiers. This quality the men portray is one similar to animals as animals also snap at any opportunity to get food even if it is at an expense of another animal. They only think of what they can do for them to be better off and in this case, he soldiers are doing the same. Another literary device Remarque uses to confirm his argument is symbolism. As Paul and his comrades crowd around Kemmerichs bed at the hospital, they notice that Kemmerichs leg has been amputated. Out of the group, Kemmerich has the most comfortable boots and Muller takes note of that. Considering the fact that Kemmerich will no longer be able to wear the boots, Muller desperately wants them to replace his worn out uncomfortable boots. At first, Paul wanted Kemmerich to keep and die with the boots still in his possession but he omes to realize that only the facts are real important for [them], And good boots are scarce(21). Since Kemmerich is close to death, Paul thinks of the value of the boots and where they are most needed without the realization that they are a prized possession of his dying comrade Kemmerich. War has really dehumanized the men as their value system nas changed tor the worse and the boots represent now much more they care for things that could make them better off rather than the life of a good friend. All in all, the literary devices used in the book help make a valid claim hat war has a dehumanizing effect on the soldiers. By applying imagery, Remarque shows the soldiers in war are dehumanized to a level that can be compared to animals. The soldiers find themselves resorting to their animal like instincts to help stay alive which make them lose all human characteristics by fighting in the war. Following Pauls leave from the front, he serves some time as a prison guard watching over the Russian prisoners and unintentionally compares the prisoners to animals describing them as meek, scolded, St. Bernard dogs and they seem nervous and fearful(189). St. Bernard dogs are defined as generally very large working dogs originally bred for rescue. The word choice of meek and scolded certainly do not match the definition of St Bernard dogs as rescue dogs have to be assertive and praised. Paul is hinting to the fact that because of the harsh conditions the prisoners are forced to endure, they have been ever since going through a long stint of dehumanization. The Russian prisoners also slink about [the] camp and pick over the garbage Slinking around the enemy camp suggests that the prisoners are trying to scavenge any left ood in a stealthy manner trying their best not be noticed by the others. This tactic is very similar to how various animals capture their prey so war has actually animalized the prisoners. Also, the Russians result to picking through garbage cans to try and find leftover bread crumbs. Searching through garbage cans for food is certainly the last resort for food but war has dehumanized the men to the extent where all they care about is surviving. If it means eating out of the garbage can, they will do so. These two instances show how animalistic war can make men become. By ncorporating character point of view, literary devices and distinct imagery, Remarque shows that war has not only dehumanized the soldiers but animalized them as well. Remarque is able to implicitly show Just how dehumanizing war can be to anyone that is absorbed into it. It truly destroys the humanity in all men that comes in its way. Time and time again, Remarque pleads his case of how fighting in war and being at the front can over time make a man less than a human being and closer to an animal due to the loss of many values of humanity. His argument in the novel is quite specific and strong but it is certainly valid.